A&P Cardiovascular System Practice Test 2026 - Free Cardiovascular Practice Questions and Study Guide

The pointed end is called the apex. It is formed mainly by the tip of the left ventricle and points downward, forward, and to the left, toward the left side of the chest where you can often feel the apical beat on the chest wall. The other terms refer to surrounding structures: the visceral pericardium is the inner layer that covers the heart itself (epicardium), the parietal pericardium is the outer layer of the pericardial sac, and serous fluid is the lubricating liquid inside the pericardial cavity that reduces friction as the heart beats.